ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HORMONES...
| Throughout
most of human history that has been documented, people had to struggle
to get enough food to eat. Currently, there are many people in the
world including the United States of America, remain undernourished.
However, most Americans face the opposite: they are overweight and have
difficulty losing the extra pounds. This represents a major public health problem
because being overweight can cause a range of serious health problems.
Each year in the U.S.. UU. about 300,000 adults die of causes related
to excess body weight. We can change our genetic, but the good news is that we can make a difference in the two main factors that contribute to premature death: cigarette smoking and dietary habits. Millions of Americans have already improved their health by quitting smoking. It is time to do a comparable change in the way we eat at individual, community and country. This type of change is needed in order to cope with the epidemic of overweight and obesity in the United States of America. | |
| What causes overweight and obesity? Our
bodies convert the food we eat into energy. Almost every action we take
requires energy. We need energy to move, exercising, playing, doing
housework, to walk and talk, even to think. The energy contained in
food is measured in kilocalories, often simply as "calories." When we
eat more calories than you use during our daily activities, the excess
calories are stored in the body as fat. If we use, or "burn" all the
calories you eat, your weight remains stable. Being overweight is
because we eat more energy-ie, the more calories we use during our
daily activities. Why lose weight? Being overweight increases the risk of developing a number of serious medical conditions such as coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, breathing disorders with sleep, some cancers, osteoarthritis, gallstones, certain types of urinary incontinence and menstrual irregularities. In addition, people who already have coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, being overweight increases the risk of the underlying disease. Fortunately, if you are concerned about these health risks, a number of specific steps you can take to improve your health. |
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Obviously the human body cannot function without the action of two major systems that flow in opposite directions. The nervous system inhibits or stimulates the production of different types of hormones, while the release of a certain group of hormones inhibit or stimulate the action of electrical impulses. These systems are converging on a point to preserve the survival of the organism to adverse situations or adapt to their environment, level of maturity or specific situation.
Glands and hormones. The glands are the structures that release different types of substances that have interference within or outside the body, human. There are two types of exocrine and endocrine glands, the former secrete their products to the lines that in turn send them to the surface of the body, either sweat, wax, fat, mucus, etc.. While endocrine release their products (hormones) into the extracellular space of the secretory cells. The secretion then passes into the capillaries to be transported by blood. Hormones are substances which regulate body processes such as growth, metabolism, reproduction and functioning of various organs. In animals, hormones are secreted by endocrine glands, ductless, directly into the bloodstream.
Hormonal balance and interaction. The amount of hormones released by an endocrine gland or tissue, is determined by the needs of the body relative to the hormone at any given time. The production cells that possess the information necessary to avoid hypo-or hyper-production of a hormone production in particular. Once that has been released into the bloodstream, the hormone is willing to go only to the target cells. Being all white cells for one or more hormones, but not all are able to respond to a particular hormone. This is because the receptors that bind to target cells to hormones.
The cells are usually subject to the same concentrations of hormones, so why only some react to certain types of hormone and others not? The answer clearly lies in the receptors, large protein molecules found in the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nuclei of cells. Given this, only cells with appropriate receptors react with the hormones indicated. Once the receiver has joined the hormone, activation takes place in a series of biochemical events, recipients, in constant synthesis and degradation change in concentration and affinity in response to changes in the body. For example, when a hormone is overproduced responsible for synthesizing receptors do not decrease, in the so-called down-regulation. Furthermore when the amount of neurotransmitter is deficient, there is an increase in the number of receptors, the sensitivity of the cell is greater than the effect of the hormone, regulation upward.
A hormone released by an endocrine gland, the blood circulates, it reaches the cell and given him a specific message, this hormone is called the first messenger. Once bound hormone and receptor, is the increased production of cyclic AMP, a product synthesized from ATP (synthesized by an enzyme called adenylate cyclase in the plasma surface). Once synthesized, AMP, acts as a second messenger, does not produce a particular physiological reaction, instead, cyclic AMP activates one or more enzymes that together are called protein kinases, which can be found free in the cytoplasm or membrane-bound. These are able to phosphorylate a protein, to catalyze a physiological response.
The answers include regulatory enzymes, which induce secretion, activation of protein synthesis and alteration of the permeability of the plasma membrane. The process has a quality of waterfall, where a tiny concentration hormone, triggers a response of immense proportions. Although to be selective with a group of cells, hormones also need to interact with other hormones in the so-called permissive effect, in which for the portion of a hormone within the cell there must be a simultaneous exhibition or other hormone . Another type of hormonal interaction, is called synergistic effect, the process by which the effect of two or more hormones is a complement to each other and thus the target cell acts more effectively to the sum of the hormones involved. Finally, we find the antagonistic effect, which as its name implies, involves two or more hormones that affect the opposite way to the target cells.
Prostaglandins and hormonal feedback control Prostaglandins are structures associated with the formation of biologically active lipids that are secreted into the blood in small amounts. They are also called tissue hormones, both in its regional and its method of synthesis rather than endocrine tissues, but by nearly all mammalian cells. Chemical and mechanical stimuli and the anafilaxina, leading to their release. Prostaglandins are synthesized araquinoideo acid which can be released from phospholipids in the plasma membrane. Alternatively araquinoideo acid can be converted to leukotrienes, prostaglandin-related substances.
From a chemical point of view prostaglandins are formed by 20-carbon fatty acids containing five carbon atoms to form a ring cycle pentane. Varying with the tissue and species prostaglandins may increase or decrease the formation of cyclic AMP, so they may intervene in the action of certain hormone-dependent cyclic AMP as a messenger. Based on this assertion is determined that function as regulators of metabolism. Prostaglandins have diverse pharmacological properties from the applications that are granted in terms of biological activity on smooth muscle, secretion, blood flow, reproduction, respiration, nerve impulse transmission, etc.. Its effects also include reduction or increase in blood pressure, decreased gastric secretion, bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction, contraction or relaxation of uterine muscle, and many others.
There are methods to control the production of hormones, in order to preserve the body homeostasis depends on an effective regulatory system, negative feedback, in which information need on the part of the cell and the functionality of the hormone within this constantly exchanged within three main processes: The regulation of hormone secretion directly involved does the nervous system, In other feedback system, the hormone is released as a direct result of nerve impulses that stimulate the endocrine gland. The so-called regulatory factors (regulating hormones, known as the source of discharge) works through chemical secretions of the hypothalamus. Some glands and secreted hormones. Hormones released by the anterior pituitary. Hormone. Main Actions. Regulators. Disorders. Growth hormone. Growth of body cells; anabolism of proteins, elevated levels of blood glucose
Releasing factor growth hormone (GHRF); factor inhibiting growth hormone. Hyposecretion of GH during growth causes dwarfism its hypersecretion in the same period causes gigantism. Thyroid stimulating the thyroid gland. (TSH) Controls the secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid. Thyrotropin releasing hormone. The hypersecretion of thyroid hormones through the action of thyroid stimulating hormone, exophthalmic goiter cause. Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Controls the secretion of some hormones by the adrenal cortex. Corticotropin-releasing hormone. The later generates hyposecretion Addison's disease. Follicle stimulating hormone. (FSH) In women or female initiates the development of eggs and induces ovarian secretion of estrogen. In male individuals stimulates the testes to produce sperm. Gonadotropin releasing hormone. Luteinizing Hormone
In individuals of sex, together with follicle stimulating hormone stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum producing progesterone. In male individuals stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Prolactin. Promotes the production of luteinizing hormone and milk secretion. Prolactin inhibiting factor, growth factor. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone It stimulates the dispersion of melanin granules. Factor inhibiting melanocyte-stimulating hormone Growth hormone. The active hormone synthesis and decreases protein catabolism, and activates the metabolism of fats. It also stimulates secretion by the liver of somatomedin hormone that causes the bone formation. Exercise, stress, decreased intake of glucose, insulin and estrogen activate secretion of growth hormone. The release of this hormone is inhibited by a protein called somatostatin, which is synthesized by the hypothalamus, a brain structure that is believed to also produce a factor that stimulates growth hormone release.
The gigantism produced by excess hormone during childhood, acromegaly, caused by excessive synthesis of growth hormone in adulthood, and dwarfism, caused by a lack of hormone production in childhood are related diseases abnormal synthesis of growth hormone. It seems that the syndromes associated with excessive production of hormone response to administration of somatostatin, and dwarfism in the administration of growth hormone. In recent years, scientists have succeeded in producing human growth hormone through genetic engineering and drugs used to treat children whose height is low due to a deficiency in this hormone.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Nature gonadotropin glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary lobe. In women it stimulates the maturation of the Graafian follicle and ovarian secretion of estrogens in men is partly responsible for the induction of spermatogenesis. Both luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH are small glycoproteins with a molecular weight of 30,000, approximately. At the beginning of puberty, the pituitary starts to secrete gonadotropin hormones FSH and LH in bulk, resulting in the onset of sexual cycles per month (see Menstruation). The first menstrual period is called menarche. During each month of the female sexual cycle, there is a cyclical decline and an increase of both hormones, which in turn cause cyclic variations in ovarian Prolactin: The secretion of prolactin by the pituitary in turn is controlled by an inhibitory factor that forms in the hypothalamus, which is called prolactin-inhibiting hormone.
The concentration of prolactin in the blood increases steadily from the fifth week of pregnancy until delivery, which can reach up to 20 times the concentration is in non-pregnant woman. Also progesterone and estrogen are involved in the development of mammary glands, but these hormones have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of milk, therefore, opposed to prolactin. However, the secretion of these hormones by the placenta right after birth decreases abruptly, which makes serving lactogen stimulation of prolactin and breasts begin to secrete large amounts of milk during the following days after sustaining the secretion of colostrum (the fluid occurs in late pregnancy or the first time after delivery, whose protein and lactose content is the same as the milk carries nothing but fat). Luteinizing Hormone.
Gonadotropin glycoprotein hormone that nature, as follicle stimulating hormone or FSH, is produced by the anterior pituitary lobe.
Has an important role in the process of ovulation. Their action is manifested on the granulosa cells of Graafian follicle in the ovary. LH induces rapid secretion of follicular steroid hormones, which include a small amount of progesterone, which causes the follicle ruptures, becomes the corpus luteum and therefore occur expulsion of the egg. In addition, LH stimulates the secretion of testosterone by the testes. Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary. Hormone. Main Actions. Discharge Control. Specific disorders. Oxytocin. Concentrations stimulates the smooth muscle cells of the pregnant uterus, stimulates contractions of the mammary glands. Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete oxytocin in response to distention of the uterus and nipple stimulation. Antidiuretic hormone. Decreases urine volume, increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles during a severe hemorrhage. Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells secrete antidiuretic hormone, in response to a low concentration of water in the blood, smell, stress, trauma, anxiety, acetylcholine, nicotine, morphine and sedatives.
Your hyposecretion resulting diabetes insipidus. Oxytocin A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored and secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose main function is to stimulate smooth muscle contractions. Contraction of the uterus occurs mostly at the end of pregnancy, childbirth, and helps the expulsion of the fetus. Also, mine gets epithelial cells of the breast, what is produced by the secretion of milk from the alveoli to the ducts, so that the baby gets it to suckle. In this case, this mechanism occurs through the stimulation of sucking on the nipple, which sends signals to the brain, oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamus, resulting in the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. Then, the hormone is transported through the blood to the breast, where it acts on mine-epithelial cells.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). An antidiuretic is any substance that inhibits excessive production of urine, so that the main action of this hormone is to regulate the volume of urine. The ADH causes the kidneys to withdraw water from the liquid to be converted into urine and return it to the bloodstream. This includes an increase in the permeability of the plasma membrane of cells of the kidneys reabsorb water so that more water passes from the urine more recently formed and returned to kidney cells. Vasopressin is also known for its properties vessel constrictor, and could easyly drive into a hypertension problem. Hormones released by the thyroid gland. Hormone and enzymes. Main Actions. Control of secretion. Specific disorders. Thyroid hormones: Thyroxine (T4).
Professional regulates metabolism, growth and development as well as nervous system activity. Releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to concentrations, of trust, high altitudes, low metabolic rate. Is inhibited in response to high concentrations of thyroid hormone, metabolic rate, high concentrations of estrogens and androgens and due to age. His childhood generates hyposecretion cretinism, hypothyroidism during the years of adulthood produces myxedema. Your hypersecretion produces exophthalmic goiter, excessive ou iodine deficiency goiter. Triiodobenzoate thyronine (T3) Same as above. Calcitocinina (CT) Decreases blood levels of calcium from the acceleration of absorption of calcium by bones. High levels of serum calcium stimulate secretion, the low, inhibited.
Calcitonin. Also thyrocalcitonin, a hormone secreted by the vertebrate thyroid gland in the case of mammals, including humans, whose main function is to reduce blood levels of calcium and promote the deposits in the bones. The effect of calcitonin on blood calcium concentration is opposite to that of parathyroid hormone (hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands), as it stimulates the release of calcium into the blood. It is used to control post-menopausal osteoporosis. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone, it is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that increases the secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This hormone produces specific effects on the thyroid, such as increased proteolysis of thyroglobulin causing thyroxine and triiodothyronine are released into the blood, the increased pump activity of iodine, an increase of secretory activity and the size of the thyroid cells, and increased iodination of the amino acid tyrosine, among others. Thus can be summarized that the increased TSH secretion all activities that occur in the thyroid gland cells.
In addition, TSH secretion is controlled by a hypothalamic regulatory factor called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or tiroliberina. It is a tripeptide secreted by nerve endings in the hypothalamus, which is then transported into the cells of the anterior pituitary gland, where it acts directly on them by increasing production of thyrotropin. Hormones secreted by the parathyroid. Specific disorders. Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Increased serum acid and magnesium concentrations and decreases serum phosphate concentrations by increasing the rate of absorption of calcium and magnesium of the digestive system into the bloodstream, increasing the number and activity of osteoblasts, increases calcium absorption by the kidneys, increases the secretion of phosphate by the secretion of phosphate by the kidneys and activates vitamin D.
Low levels of serum calcium stimulate the secretion of high concentrations inhibit it. The hypoparathyroidism results tetaníia while hyperparathyroidism results in osteitis fibrosa. Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Also called parathormone, peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands involved in regulating the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. The parathyroid regulates calcium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid by regulating calcium absorption from the intestine, calcium excretion by the kidneys and the release of calcium from bone. In addition, regulates the levels of phosphorus ions in the blood, so that lowers the concentration of them in this environment by increasing its renal excretion. In the case of calcium ions, what it does is increase the reabsorption of these ions from bone, principally in order to increase calcium levels in blood. Therefore has the opposite effect to calcitonin.
The deficit of this hormone results in hypocalcemia (low blood calcium) that can lead to tetany, an increase in parathyroid hormone secretion causes hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium). This hormone is a peptide, first synthesized as a preprohormona ribosomes of 110 amino acids, then split into a pro hormone of 90 amino acids and in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus becomes a 84-amino acid peptide chain, structure corresponding to parathormone. Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. Hormone. Control of secretion. Specific disorders. Adrenal cortex hormones. Mineralocorticoids. mainly aldosterone. Increased as blood levels of sodium and water and decrease blood levels of potassium. Decreased blood volume or sodium concentrations that are initiated by way of renin-Anglo tensin to stimulate aldosterone secretion, increased concentration of potassium which stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, ACTH has very little effect in promoting aldosterone secretion. The hypersecretion of aldosterone resulting aldosteroidismo. Glucocorticoids. (mainly cortisol) Helps promote normal organic metabolism, resistance to stress and inflammatory response. The release of ACTH is stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone in response to stress and low concentrations of glucocorticoids. The hyposecretion generates Addison's disease, hypersecretion resulting in Cushing's syndrome.
Gonadocorticoides. Acting on sperm production in men and the distribution of body hair and menstruation in women. Andrenogenital syndrome resulting in excessive production of ACTH and androgen, causing virilization. The release of hormone feminízate sufficient cause gynecomastia in men. Hormones of the adrenal medulla. Adrenaline Sympathomimetics, this is having effects that mimic the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during stress. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons stimulate the secretion of cells for chroma. The medullary hormones hypersecretion results in a prolonged response of the defense. Noradrenaline Same as above. Mineralocorticoids. The mineral corticoids help mainly to water and electrolyte balance, particularly the concentrations of sodium ions (Na) and potassium ion (K), Although the adrenal cortex secretes three different substances, the most important is aldosterone, which acts in the kidney tubular cells and cause increased sodium reabsorption.
Some of the side effects of the presence of aldosterone, is that through the exchange of positive hydrogen ions, which passes urine to replace the positive sodium ions, this process preserves the pH of the blood, preventing acidosis. The mobilization of sodium ions also provides a positively charged field in the blood vessels around the graves stones. As a result, charged ions are removed as chlorine (Cl) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) of newly formed liquid to be converted back to urine and blood. Finally, the water is mobilized by osmosis from ell fluid that becomes urine from the blood filtering. In fact the presence of ADH more water is absorbed.
Control of aldosterone secretion is complex. Where a number of mechanisms, one of them is the renin-anglotensina, that finding himself immersed in a decrease in blood volume causes a decrease in blood pressure after which certain renal cell yuxtaglomerulantes act by secreting an enzyme called renin. In this way makes angitensinógeno renin, a protein released by plasma and liver, to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II by a plasma enzyme in the lungs. Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce more aldosterone. In the kidney, aldosterone causes increased reabsorption of sodium and water decreased. Glucocorticoids. They are a group of three hormones that are related to the normal organic metabolism and stress resistance. These hormones include cortisol (hydrocortisone), corticosterone, and cortisone. and its effects are diverse and vital to the body: Glucocorticoids work with other hormones to ensure sufficient energy available. Increase the rate at which proteins are broken down and amino acids are mobilized cells. Glucocorticoids work in many ways to provide resistance to stress. A sudden increase in the available glucose through gluconeogenesis from amino acids puts the body in n alertness and enables him to both defend themselves in dangerous situations.
They are anti-inflammatory, inhibit cells and secretions involved in inflammation. Decrease the number of mast cells to limit the release of histamine, stabilize lysosomal membranes, and so on. However, an excess in production can produce atrophy in the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen, limiting the immune response. Gonadocorticoides. Cells are rather sex hormones and contribute to the management of libido. Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland medulla. The pure compound, also known as epinephrine. Epinephrine is not necessary for the preservation of life and its presence in normal blood is negligible. However, in times of excitement or emotional stress secrete large quantities, which act on the body structures in preparation for physical exertion. Adrenaline stimulates the heart, constricts the small blood vessels, raises blood pressure, liberates sugar stored in the liver, and relaxes certain involuntary muscles, while others contract. It is widely used as a drug to stimulate the heart in cases of shock, to prevent bleeding and to expand the lung bronchioles from acute asthma attacks.
Norepinephrine is a hormone that belongs to a group of catecholamines synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal gland. It is the neurotransmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers and the precursor of adrenaline with potent vasopressor and stimulator of cardiac contractility. Norepinephrine, like other catecholamines, can be measured in human plasma, providing an index of sympathetic nervous system activity and adrenal medulla. This assessment is used in the study of patients with autonomic failure and, sometimes, to study patients who are suspected of a catecholamine hypersecretory tumor, called pheochromocytoma.
It acts on the effector cells by binding to specific receptors, which may be of two types: alpha-adrenergic receptors or beta receptors. Alpha receptors involved in intestinal relaxation, vasoconstriction and dilation of the pupils. Beta receptors are involved in the increased heart rate and contractility, vasodilation, broncho dilation and lipolysis. Hormones secreted by the pancreas. Hormone. Main Actions. Control of secretion. Specific disorders. Glucagon. Increased concentrations of sugar in the blood by accelerating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis) and l conversion of other nutrients to glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and release of glucose into the bloodstream. The decrease of glycemia, exercise and foods high in protein stimulates the secretion of glucagon, somatostatin inhibits it. Insulin Decreases the concentration of sugar in the blood by accelerating the transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen and decreasing gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, also decreased lipogenesis and stimulates lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis.
The increase in blood sugar and growth hormones, growth hormones, and gastrointestinal adenocorticotropica stimulate secretion while somatostatin inhibits it. The hypo-production of insulin causes diabetes mellitus ( "saccharin"). The hyper-production produces hyper-insulin. Growth-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatostatin. Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon Glucagon It is a product of alpha cells, their main physiological activity is increasing the concentrations of blood sugar. Glucagon does this by accelerating the conversion in the liver of other nutrients such as amino acids, glycerol and lactic acid had glucose (gluconeogenesis). The liver then releases glucose into the blood and increases blood sugar levels. Insulin. The islet beta cells are responsible for producing insulin. This hormone is responsible for inhibiting concentrations of blood sugar in several ways, speeding the transport of glucose from the blood into cells. It also accelerates the conversion of glucose to glycogen.
Hormones released by the thymus. Hormone Major Activities Timoxina factor thymic tumor Promotes the proliferation and maturation of T cells Thymic factor. Thymopoietins. Hormones released by the pineal gland. Hormone Main Actions. Melatonin. Can inhibit the reproductive activities through the inhibition of gonadotropin hormones. Hormones produced by the ovaries and testes. Hormone Main Actions. Ovarian hormones. Estrogen and progesterone Development and retention of female sexual characteristics. Along with the gonadotropin hormones from the adenohypophysis, also regulate the menstrual cycle, pregnancy keep, prepare the mammary glands and regulate oogenesis. Relaxin. It relaxes the symphysis pubis and helps dilate the cervix near the end of pregnancy.
Inhibin. Inhibits stimulating hormone secretion by the end of the menstrual cycle. Testicular hormones. Testosterone Develops and maintains male sex characteristics, regulates spermatogenesis and stimulates testicular descent before birth. Inhibin. Inhibits secretion of follicle stimulating hormone to control sperm production. Estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone is a hormone produced by cells in the corpus luteum of the ovary. The corpus luteum is a structure that develops in the ovary, in its place a mature egg that has been released during ovulation. Therefore, the progesterone level rises during the second half of the menstrual cycle (see Menstruation). If the released egg is not fertilized, progesterone production declines just before the start of the next menstrual cycle and the corpus luteum degenerates. Progesterone was isolated and crystallized by three independent groups of researchers in 1934. It is a steroid hormone, a compound that has the same chemical core female estrogen hormones and male androgenic hormones and cholesterol and adrenal steroid hormones. The main function of progesterone is to prepare the lining of my uterus for the reception of the egg. It also stimulates the formation of saccular structures in the breast; prepares for its role in milk production and maintained this function during lactation.
Substances that mimic the action of progesterone agents are sometimes called progestogens, progestins or progestins. They are used with synthetic estrogens as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Estrógeno. It is a steroid hormone involved in the development of secondary sexual characteristics of women, in regulating the menstrual cycle and ovulation, and pregnancy. There are at least 18 different types of estrogen that can be detected in human urine. They are synthesized in the body and the best known are estradiol, estriol and estrone. Estrogens appear in both men and women. In women, estrogen is synthesized in the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy, in men are synthesized mainly by the testes (in smaller numbers than in females). The adrenal gland also occurs in both sexes. In men, the level of estrogen in the blood remains constant, but in women varies with menstrual cycle phase.
Effects of estrogen during puberty. At puberty, the body adopts the male secondary sexual characters and female. The development of female secondary sex characteristics is due in part to the absence of testosterone, but also due to the production of small amounts of estrogen. These estrogens cause breast growth, development of the figure (deposition of fat around the hips and thighs), growth of pubic and armpit (also caused by androgens) and growth of the uterus of the fallopian tubes and lower genital tract. The first menstrual period (menarche) occurs at the end of puberty and marks the beginning of the reproductive phase in the life of women. Papel of estrogen in the menstrual cycle. The variation in estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle influences the development of mature ovum (egg) each month in the ovary in the control of ovulation and in the proliferation of the uterine lining (endometrium) that precedes menstruation (bleeding monthly). Other hormones that cooperate with estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle are progesterone, which is steroid and pituitary protein hormones: luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Since estrogen is produced by ovarian cells that encapsulate the egg (follicle cells), the amount of estrogen that is produced increases as the follicle grows and matures the egg. After the egg is released, the follicle cells that remain in the ovary form a structure called the corpus luteum, which continues to produce estrogen (and progesterone). Elevated levels of these two steroids prepare the uterine lining for implantation of the egg. If the egg is not fertilized by a sperm as it moves down the fallopian tube, then the corpus luteum shrinks and menstruation occurs. If the egg is fertilized, then the corpus luteum continues to secrete both estrogen and progesterone, and the embryo is implanted into the uterine lining.
Estrogen also controls the amount of mucus secreted by the cervical glands that exist in the cervix or cervix. This mucus is secreted to the vagina and is usually alkaline after ovulation, to protect the sperm from the acidity of the vagina. However, during less fertile day of the menstrual cycle the mucus is more robust, which makes it more difficult for sperm to reach the uterus. Estrogen during pregnancy. During the first part of pregnancy, the corpus luteum (which does not retract as you would in a normal menstrual cycle) produces estrogen. Later, the placenta and fetal adrenal cortex are responsible for maintaining high estrogen levels in maternal blood. Estrogen is responsible for the growth of the uterus and the changes to the lower genital tract during pregnancy, and development of the duct system (producing milk) on the breasts. Elevated levels of estrogen and other steroids are retaining water, and can lead to swollen ankles and a bloated feeling.
Testosterone. Testosterone, the main male hormone or androgen, is produced in the Leydig cells in the testes, the influence of luteinizing hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. Leydig cells also occur in much lower quantities, two other less potent androgens. Testosterone stimulates the formation of sperm in the testes and the appearance of male secondary sex characteristics after puberty: growth of beard and pubic hair, penis development and evolution of the voice to a more serious tone. It is an anabolic steroid that accelerates protein synthesis and slows decomposition, which in turn leads to faster growth. It also promotes muscle growth and body composition forms characteristic of adult male.
If before puberty testosterone secretion is little or no secondary sexual characteristics fail to develop. Moreover, the long bones grow abnormally and the patient acquires a peculiar constitution, high but effeminate. If testicular failure occurs after puberty, the consequences are less obvious, but can occur gradually disappearing beard, muscle weakness, increased fat accumulation and change of voice, all this is often accompanied by infertility and in many cases, decreased sexual potency and libido.
FURTHER QUESTIONS:
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As part of the endocrine system that regulates hormones, the pituitary gland controls many of the other glands through secretion. Our "master gland, ... What Are Breast Enlargement Hormones? Breast enlargement hormones might seem to offer an easy alternative to surgical breast augmentation for women seeking an ... What Are the Different Menstrual Cycle Hormones? Every woman’s body contains hundreds of different hormones, but there are a few that work together in complex ways to cause normal menstrual cycles. Th ... What Are Bioidentical Hormones? Bioidentical hormones are plant-derived hormones that are promoted as an alternative to conventional hormone repla ... What Are Female Hormones? There are two hormones that are associated with females: estrogen and progesterone. These hormones, along with the ... What are Some Thyroid Problems? The metabolic processes of the body are affected by the thyroid gland and the hormones it produces. The thyroid gland is part of the endocrine system. Thyroid problems or disorder ... What is an Endocrinologist? ... related to the endocrine system, the complex network of hormone-secreting glands in the human body. Hormones are critical to healthy function, and a number of conditions can be caused by under or overp ... What are Mineralocorticoids? Mineralocorticoids are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, the core of the adrenal glands. These hormones are critical ... What is a Hormone Imbalance? ... s a medical condition which affects the endocrine system, causing a disruption in the production of hormones. Levels of various hormones in the body can be elevated or reduced with a hormone imbalance, ... What is Gibberellin? ... lins, divided into two classes, and many more may be discovered in the future. Plants produce these hormones naturally through biosynthesis as they grow, ensuring that they have the hormones they need ... What Are Gonadotropins? Gonadotropins are hormones which target the gonads, structures involved in fertility and reproduction. In women, gonado ... What Are the Different Types of Adrenal Disorders? ... orders which can be roughly broken into three categories: disorders which lead to overproduction of hormones, disorders associated with underproduction of hormones, and disorders which impact overall a ... What Is Hypogonadism? ... a condition in which the function of the gonads is impaired, resulting in reduced production of sex hormones and potentially in a reduction in germ cells as well. This condition is more commonly seen i ... What is Hormone Replacement Therapy? ... RT), also known as hormone replacement treatment, is a drug regimen which is designed to supplement hormones naturally created by the body. When the body ceases to produce these hormones, typically due ... What is TSH? ... duced in the pituitary gland that aids in the function of the thyroid gland, and its release of two hormones called triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). T3 and T4 are indicated in controlling nor ... What Are Endocrine Glands? Endocrine glands are tissues that secrete substances called hormones into the bloodstream. These glands are located in several places in the body and secrete hor ... What Is Neuroendocrinology? ... brain to muscles. The endocrine system carries information mainly through the blood system. It uses hormones to control activity such as growth, puberty and metabolism. With the nervous system transmi ... What Is a Rooting Hormone? ... cutting, to grow roots. Although it is possible to grow a plant successfully without using rooting hormones, using it increases the odds of growing a healthy plant. Rooting hormone is used when growin ... What Is Postpartum Thyroiditis? ... that symptoms are variable. This condition can be treated with medications used to control thyroid hormones until the inflammation resolves. The causes of postpartum thyroiditis are unclear. Women ... What Are the Effects of Estrogen? Estrogen is a group of hormones that are essential to sexual and reproductive systems in females. These hormones, however, h ... What Is the Thyroid? ... ions that are extremely important, such as body metabolism, breathing and the production of several hormones that regulate various body systems. For the most part, little attention is give to the t ... What is an Adrenal Tumor? ... d, while the adrenal cortex covers the outside. Both parts are responsible for producing a range of hormones, including endocrine hormones. Like other tumors, an adrenal tumor is characterized by th ... What Is Endocrine Disruption? ... m can have very serious consequences. The endocrine system is a network of glands which produces hormones. These hormones are one of the key communication systems of the body, working over time to k ... What Is Inhibin? ... nother hormone, activin, has an action in the body opposite to that of inhibin. Levels of these two hormones tend to fluctuate in both men and women in response to a number of cues which can include ch ... What are Ovaries? ... ductive system of female organisms. In vertebrate animals, the ovaries also produce and release sex hormones which govern physical characteristics and fertility. Ovaries are extremely important because ... What are the Different Kinds of Hormonal Birth Control Methods? Hormonal birth control is a contraceptive system which manipulates the balance of hormones in a woman's body to prevent pregnancy. There are a number of hormonal birth control methods ... What Is Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy? ... hormone replacement therapy differs from conventional hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in that the hormones are obtained from plants rather than equine urine. However, it should be noted that both for ... What is the Endocrine System? The endocrine system is a collection of glands and organs that produce and regulate hormones in the bloodstream to control many functions of the body. This system overlaps with the nerv ... What are the Adrenal Glands? As members of the endocrine system, adrenal glands excrete chemicals, called hormones, to regulate important functions by sending messages through the bloodstream. These various ... What Is Prolactin? ... is also involved in the eventual cessation of menstruation which occurs during menopause. Like many hormones involved with the reproductive system, prolactin works with a number of other hormones and i ... How Effective is a Birth Control Patch? ... one week during which time menstruation occurs. The birth control patch works by releasing the hormones progesterone and estrogen into the bloodstream directly through the skin. These hormones hav ... What Is Somatostatin? In human biochemistry, somatostatin is a hormone that causes the production of a number of other hormones to be inhibited or reduced. Another name for somatostatin is growth hormone inhibiting hormo ... What Is an Ectopic Thyroid? ... xtra tissue so that a person doesn’t develop hyperthyroidism or presence of too much of the thyroid hormones. The situation can be different if lingual thyroid is present. It is sometimes possible ... What Is Adrenal Stress? ... ressure. The adrenal glands are located just above the kidneys. Their role is to manage the flow of hormones in the body that deal with stress. The hormones that these glands create are used by the bod ... What Is Ethinyl Estradiol? ... used in hormonal contraceptives, although it has several other medical uses. It is among a class of hormones known as estrogens, and like other estrogen hormones, it can play a role in the reproductive ... What is the Thyroid Gland? ... s TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) to the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland then releases T4 and T3 hormones, which enter the bloodstream and affect the metabolism of the heart, liver, muscle and other ... What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? ... OS), also known as Stein-Leventhal Syndrome, is a condition in which a woman produces too many male hormones and too few female hormones, causing irregular or rare ovulation, and at times anovulation, ... What is Estriol? ... rogens are found in the body: estradiol and estrone. While many people think of estrogens as female hormones, they are also present in men, and they play an important role in fetal development, whether ... What is Goiter? ... ontoxic. Colloid refers to goiter caused by hypothyroidism, or decreased production of thyroid hormones. In this case, the thyroid gland increases in size because it is attempting to produce a gr ... How does the Endocrine System Control Metabolism? ... ly effects metabolism. The thyroid is the portion of the endocrine system responsible for secreting hormones that control the rate at which the body’s cells burn fuel for energy. The more hormones the ... What Are the Islets of Langerhans? The islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce a variety of hormones. They are named for German pathologist Paul Langerhans, who first observed them in 1869. A h ... What Are Target Cells? ... from spreading. For endocrinologists, the term refers to cells which have receptors for specific hormones. Many cells in the body act as target cells for specific hormones, and some are receptors fo ... What is a Contraceptive Patch? ... eliable method of birth control. The contraceptive patch is applied directly onto the skin. The hormones estrogen and progesterone are then released into the bloodstream in a daily dose. These hor ... What Is Estradiol? ... estradiol. The menstrual cycle in women involves predictable variations in the levels of several hormones, with estradiol being one of them. It is involved in the ovulation process and prepares the ... What Is Endocrinology? ... ocrinology is the study of the endocrine system, which refers to the body’s glands—organs that make hormones—and the hormones they produce, how they function, and their disorders. Endocrinology is also ... What Is a Hormone Test? A hormone test can be used by a man or a woman to determine the levels of some key hormones in his or her body. The test can be administered by a doctor in an office or through a home ... What Are Adrenal Tumors? ... cortex or the medulla, two parts of the glands. Adrenal tumors are formed when excess secretions of hormones occur. The adrenal cortex can produce an excess of aldosterone and steroid hormones, and the ... What is an Overactive Thyroid? ... atment that can bring relief. When functioning properly, the thyroid gland produces two specific hormones: triiodothyronine or T3 and thyroxine, known as T4. Together, these hormones help to regula ... What is Glucocorticoid? ... renal gland: cortisol is probably the most well known and common example of a glucocorticoid. These hormones have a number of important functions in the body, and they may also be administered in synth ... What Is Cholecystokinin? ... lates the body to produce more bile, along with digestive enzymes. The digestive tract produces the hormones when fats are detected. Studies seem to suggest that cholecystokinin may play a role in t ... What Causes Graves' Disease? ... aves disease are caused by hyperthyroidism or overactive thyroid gland, which produces more thyroid hormones than the body can handle. It is not known how the thyroid gland becomes overactive, however ... What is an Underactive Thyroid? ... d stimulating hormone (TSH). When the thyroid gland detects TSH, it releases two different thyroid hormones called thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Sometimes the gland doesn’t produce enough of one or ... What Is Adrenal Disease? ... he adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys, and their function is to manufacture different hormones. Problems with the adrenal glands may influence hormone levels throughout the body. Ad ... What is Hashimoto's Disease? ... e managed. To compensate for the decline in hormone production, patients take supplementary thyroid hormones. As the body grows accustomed to the hormones, the thyroid gland typically starts to shrink, ... What is Carcinoid Syndrome? ... velop carcinoid syndrome. The syndrome is caused by the development of tumors which secrete certain hormones, including serotonin, which enter the bloodstream. In some patients, the liver breaks down t ... What is Hypopituitarism? ... n in which the pituitary gland functions improperly, producing reduced levels of one or more of the hormones that it makes. The pituitary gland is a critical part of the endocrine system, as it regulat ... What Is Hypersecretion? ... hers are relatively normal and no medical treatment or intervention is required when they occur. Hormones are a substance which can commonly be hypersecreted, usually as a result of an ongoing medic ... What is Estrogen Dominance? ... ogesterone seem to suggest that there may be some credence to theories about estrogen dominance. Hormones are extremely complex, and they work in concert with each other, not in isolation. Estrogen ... What Is Adenylate Cyclase? Adenylate cyclase (AC) is an enzyme that is involved in regulating a cell’s response to many hormones. It synthesizes an important cellular regulator that helps amplify signals from outside of t ... What Is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia? ... e adrenal glands. When affected, the adrenal glands have trouble manufacturing the proper amount of hormones. Most often, cortisol is affected by this condition, but mineralocorticoids, such as aldoste ... What Is Anabolism? ... t net loss occurs when the rate of catabolism is higher than the rate of anabolism. There are many hormones that are related to metabolism; these hormones are typically labeled anabolic or catabolic h ... What is a Linea Negra? ... line. This does not preclude women with light skin from developing a darker linea negra, however. Hormones produced when one is pregnant cause the linea negra. As well as a darkening line on the sto ... What Is Bone Remodeling? ... The bone remodeling cycle usually starts when injury or mechanical stresses occur in bones. Growth hormones stimulate the production of osteoclasts, which then release enzymes capable of dissolving th ... What does the Pancreas do? ... . Both the exocrine and endocrine systems utilize this organ. Our body's endocrine system regulates hormones and other substances through its direct access to the bloodstream, cells, and organs. The ex ... What Is the Fat Resistance Diet? ... land, known as a nutritional medicine expert, bases the diet plan on the idea that body fat levels, hormones, and body chemistry are tied together. The diet plan aims to reduce the inflammation brought ... What Are Some Causes of Sweating? ... activity he is engaging in. Causes of sweating also tend to be closely related to the balance of hormones in the body; conditions or substances that alter hormone levels can cause sweating. People ... What is Hypothyroidism? ... therwise. Treatment for hypothyroidism usually consists of a daily dose of thyroid replacement hormones, accompanied by regular doctor visits to monitor doseage and any changes in symptoms. What Is the Sella Turcica? ... t the pituitary gland. This important gland at the base of the brain releases a number of different hormones from its snugly positioned spot in the sella turcica. While the shape and size of the sella ... What are Thyroid Nodules? ... , or inflammation. Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules, associated with some thyroid diseases, produce hormones which trigger the thyroid to overproduce, causing hyperthyroidism. Another example of a type ... What Are the Different Types of Fibroid Cure? ... nce female estrogen is known as one of the causes of fibroid growth, doctors often use non-estrogen hormones like progesterone to try to shrink fibroids. This treatment has been successful for most wom ... What Is Thyroxine? Thyroxine (T4) is one of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate the adrenal system, and plays a role in en ... What are Catecholamines? ... ounds that are synthesized in the body from the amino acid tyrosine. They are classified as adrenal hormones and, as such, are produced and released into the bloodstream in response to the stimulation ... What is Leptin? ... leptin has no impact on the emotional craving for sweets and other forms of food. While protein hormones can do their job very well, they do not ensure that individuals will not eat more food than ... What is Testosterone Gel? ... ls of dosage are available, making it easy for the attending physician to adjust the amount of male hormones that are absorbed as a result of each application. Most testosterone gel products require ... What is Menopause? ... a woman to cease to be able to conceive. Both cause upheavals in one's body, puberty by introducing hormones and menopause by withdrawing them. Menopause typically begins in a woman's forties or fi ... What Is Adrenal Cancer? ... nds, which are the components of the endocrine system responsible for manufacturing various steroid hormones. Since these triangular-shaped glands are positioned just above each kidney, they are someti ... What Is Pregnenolone? Pregnenolone is a naturally occurring substance in the body. It is a precursor to hormones that the body needs. The hormones DHEA (dehydroeplandrosterone) and progesterone are both de ... What are the Components of Blood? ... n which the cells float. Some secondary components of blood are nutrients, clotting agents, various hormones, and waste products that have not yet been removed from the body. The three types of blood c ... What Is Hormone Testing? ... o request hormone testing. When a patient presents with a condition which indicates an imbalance of hormones, a physician may ask for hormone testing to determine whether or not the hormones are imbala ... What Is Adiponectin? ... men. The reason for this phenomenon is not fully understood, although there is speculation that the hormones responsible for primary and secondary gender attributes may inhibit the production of adipon ... What Is DHEA? ... understood, although it is known to be a precursor to estrogen and testosterone, two important sex hormones. As with many other hormones, levels of this hormone change with age, with the body producin ... What Is Induced Menopause? Induced menopause can refer to a few ways that ovaries stop working, ending the production of hormones like estrogen and progesterone that help to control a woman’s monthly cycle. Most women wil ... What Is Thelarche? ... There are some premature thelarche causes that do need to be considered. One could be exposure to hormones from another source, such as ingestion of birth control pills or coming in contact with estr ... What is Low Dose Birth Control? ... e in pill form, although it is also possible to find a low dose contraceptive patch, which delivers hormones through the skin, and a low dose contraceptive ring, which is inserted into the vagina, wher ... Should I Have My Estradiol Levels Tested? ... egnant, levels rise and will continue this upward rise throughout the pregnancy. This is due to the hormones produced by the placenta. For women who are undergoing the unpleasant side effects of m ... What Is the Seminal Vesicle? ... he reproductive system, the function of a seminal vesicle is usually determined by presence of male hormones or steroids such as androgens. Especially at younger ages, before middle age, the higher pr ... What Is Radioimmunoassay? ... w and Solomon Berson, radioimmunoassay was used to investigate blood volume, iodine metabolism, and hormones like insulin. Radioimmunoassay has expanded its viability by being able to measure trace amo ... What Is Human Recombinant Erythropoietin? ... ch can be administered to patients. The same technology is used to produce a variety of other human hormones. These hormones are as effective in the body as hormones of human or animal origin, but they ... What is Low Testosterone? ... men in the later stages of life. However, a male of any age can experience this lack of essential hormones. A male child with low testosterone may fail to undergo normal development of the penis and ... What is the Difference Between Organic and Free Range Food Labels? ... that is labeled organic is free of most pesticides, artificial ingredients, bioengineering, growth hormones, and antibiotics. Foods labeled organic do not have more than 5% non-organic ingredients in ... What are Cytokines? ... er control. As signaling compounds, cytokines keep cell communication functioning at all times. Hormones are another important aspect of the function of cytokines. The regulation of growth hormone ... What Are the Different Types of Thyroid Medicine? ... thyroid gland is located in the neck immediately below the larynx. It is responsible for producing hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones travel in the bloodstream and reg ... What is Infertility Acupuncture? ... to conventional medical treatment, infertility acupuncture is used to help reduce stress, stimulate hormones which will be beneficial to fertility, and to increase the blood flow to the uterus to promo ... What is Organic Food? ... Some people understand the term as food grown without the use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, hormones, or genetic modification. Organic food can refer to fruits and vegetables and also to meat, ... What is the Adrenal Cortex? ... of the adrenal gland, a component of the endocrine system of the body which regulates and produces hormones. The inside of the adrenal gland is known as the adrenal medulla or simply medulla. The medu ... Is Obesity Actually Contagious? Obesity is certainly not contagious in the infectious sense, like a virus. However, while obesity can ... What is the Clinical Definition of Obesity? Obesity is one of the major medical problems in the western world. The clinical definition of obesit ... Does Obesity Cause Diabetes? M